Factors enabling smooth transitions from out-of-home care: A scoping review

Young people in out of home care (OOHC) may face health, educational, and social disadvantage due to experiencing childhood adversity. When young people transition from OOHC at 18 years of age it is recognised that this experience of disadvantage continues and is often compounded, with care leavers at risk of poor outcomes post-transition. While governments and community service organisations support young people to plan to leave OOHC, this transition to independence occurs significantly earlier than the general population and with less support. Previous research has identified the reasons behind poor post-care outcomes, however, there is a knowledge gap concerning how transition planning could be improved. 

A scoping review of the Australian and international empirical grey literature (non-commercial or academic publications) was conducted with the aim of identifying the key factors which enable smooth transitions from OOHC, including for Indigenous populations. The search strategy involved (1) targeted searches on Google and child welfare organisation websites, (2) a child welfare database, and (3) consultation with content experts. Empirical literature published in English from 2018 onwards was included. Following the screening process, 44 reports were included in the review. There were 16 reports from Australia, 13 from the United States of America, 6 from Canada, 4 from New Zealand, 3 from the United Kingdom, one international, and one multi-national African study. 

Fourteen key themes outlining factors that contribute to smooth transitions from OOHC were identified in this review. Themes common to all care leavers (both Indigenous and non-Indigenous) included: tailored, long-term, and comprehensive case management; active and meaningful involvement of young people; availability of affordable and stable housing; supportive social relationships; supportive relationships with professionals; access to post-care support; systemic and organisational factors; extended care in line with social norms; individual traits of young people; quality and stability of placements; and access to education and employment. Themes unique to Indigenous care leavers included: culturally appropriate support; Indigenous-led services; connection to culture; and suitable placement location. The findings of this review have implications for research, policy and practice and provide much needed guidance for the advancement of effective transition pathways for young people living in OOHC.